For details about the citations, please check the Google Scholar page
Book and Book Chapter
- K.-M. Lei, P.-I. Mak, R. P. Martins, "Ultra-Low-Voltage Clock References," in Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuits in Nanoscale CMOS, R. P. Martins, P.-I. Mak, Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 2023, pp. 91-127.
- K.-M. Lei, N. Sun, P.-I. Mak, R. Martins, D. Ham, "Micro-NMR on CMOS for Biomolecular Sensing," in CMOS Circuits for Biological Sensing and Processing, S. Mitra, D. Cummings, Ed., Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2018, pp. 101-132.
- K.-M. Lei, P.-I. Mak, M.-K. Law, R. P. Martins, Handheld Total Chemical and Biological Analysis Systems:Bridging NMR, Digital Microfluidics, and Semiconductors, Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2018.
Journal Articles
- ... K.-M. Lei, ... "ULV battery-less tag," submitted.
- ... K.-M. Lei, ... "Fast Startup XO with chirping," submitted.
- ... K.-M. Lei, ... "A 16-MHz Crystal Oscillator with 17.5-μs Startup Time under 104-ppm-∆F Injection Using Automatic Phase-Error Correction," IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits (Early Access), DOI: 10.1109/JSSC.2024.3394000.
- Q. Zhou, S. Fan, K.-M. Lei, D. Ham, R. P. Martins, P.-I. Mak, "Miniature Magnetic Resonance Imaging System for in Situ Monitoring of Bacterial Growth and Biofilm Formation," IEEE Trans. Biomedical Circuits Syst., Early Access, doi: 10.1109/TBCAS.2024.3369389.
- H. Li, K.-M. Lei, R. P. Martins, P.-I. Mak, "A 12/13.56MHz Crystal Oscillator with Binary-Search-Assisted Two-Step Injection Achieving 5.0nJ Startup Energy and 45.8μs Startup Time," IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.59, no. 2, pp. 464-475, Feb. 2024.
- ... K.-M. Lei, ..., "CMOS IC for the quantum information sciences," IEEE Trans. Quantum Eng., vol. 4, pp. 1-30, 2023, Art no. 5100230, doi: 10.1109/TQE.2023.3290593.
- C. Che, K.-M. Lei, R. P. Martins, P.-I. Mak, "A 0.4-V 8,400-µm2 Voltage Reference in 65-nm CMOS Exploiting Well-Proximity Effect," IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II - Express Briefs, vol. 70, no. 10, pp. 3822-3826, Oct. 2023.
- S. Dan, K.-M. Lei, R. P. Martins, P.-I. Mak, "A 0.4-V 0.0294-mm2 Resistor-Based Temperature Sensor Achieving ±0.24 °C p2p Inaccuracy From −40 °C to 125 °C and 385 fJ·K2 Resolution FoM in 65-nm CMOS", IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 58, no. 9, pp. 2543-2553, Sep. 2023.
- H. Zou, K.-M. Lei, R. P. Martins, P.-I. Mak, "A CMOS Hall Sensors Array with Integrated Readout Circuit Resilient to Local Magnetic Interference from Current-Carrying Traces," IEEE Sensors J., vol. 23, no. 14, pp. 16145-16153, Jul. 2023.
- S. Fan, Q. Zhou, K.-M. Lei, P.-I. Mak, R. P. Martins, "A Miniaturized 3-D-MRI Scanner Featuring an HV-SOI ASIC and Achieving a 10 × 8 × 8 mm3 Field of View," IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 58, no. 7, pp. 2028-2039, Jul. 2023.
- D. Krüger, A. Zhang, H. Hinton, V. M. Arnal, Y.-Q. Song, Y. Tang, K.-M. Lei, J. Anders, D. Ham, "A Portable CMOS-based Spin Resonance System for High-Resolution Spectroscopy and Imaging" IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 58, no. 7, pp. 1838-1849, Jul. 2023.
- L. Lin, K.-M. Lei, P.-I. Mak, R. P. Martins, “An Ultra-Low-Voltage Single-Crystal Oscillator-Timer (XO-Timer) Delivering 16-MHz and 32.258-kHz Clocks for Sub-0.5 V Energy-Harvesting BLE Radios in 28-nm CMOS,” IEEE Open J. Circuits Syst., vol. 4, pp. 126 - 138, Mar. 2023.
- S. Fan, Q. Zhou, K.-M. Lei, P.-I. Mak, R. P. Martins, “Miniaturization of a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance System: Architecture and Design Considerations of Transceiver Integrated Circuits,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I – Regular Papers, vol. 69, no. 8, pp. 3049-3060, Aug. 2022.
- ... K.-M. Lei, ..., “Trending IC design directions in 2022,” J. Semicond., vol. 43, no. 7, 071401, Jul. 2022.
- M. Loo, H. Ramiah, K.-M. Lei, C. C. Lim, N. S. Lai, P.-I. Mak, R. P. Martins, “Fully-Integrated Timers for Ultra-Low-Power Internet-of-Things Nodes–Fundamentals and Design Techniques,” IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 65936 – 65950, Jun. 2022.
- K.-M. Lei, P.-I. Mak, R. P. Martins, "A 0.35-V 5,200-µm2 2.1-MHz Temperature-Resilient Relaxation Oscillator with 667fJ/cycle Energy Efficiency Using an Asymmetric Swing-Boosted RC Network and a Dual-Path Comparator," IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 56, no. 9, pp. 2701 - 2710, Sep. 2021.
- K.-M. Lei, P.-I. Mak, R. P. Martins, "Startup time and energy-reduction techniques for crystal oscillators in the IoT era," IEEE Transactions on Circuits and System II - Express Briefs, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 30-35, Jan. 2021.
- K.-M. Lei, D. Ha, Y.-Q. Song, R. M. Westervelt, R. P. Martins, P.-I. Mak, D. Ham, "Portable NMR with parallelism," Analytical Chemistry, vol. 92, no. 2, pp. 2112-2120, Jan. 2020.
- A. Dupré*, K.-M. Lei*, P.-I. Mak, R. P. Martins, W. K. Peng, "Micro- and nanofabrication NMR technologies for point-of-care medical applications – A review," Microelectronic Engineering, vol. 209, pp. 66-74, Mar. 2019.
- K.-M. Lei, P.-I. Mak, M.-K. Law, R. P. Martins, "A regulation-free sub-0.5-V 16-/24-MHz crystal oscillator with 14.2-nJ startup energy and 31.8-μW steady-state power," IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 53, no. 9, pp. 2624-2635, Sep. 2018.
- K.-M. Lei, H. Heidari, P.-I. Mak, M.-K. Law, F. Maloberti, R. P. Martins, “A handheld high-sensitivity micro-NMR CMOS platform with B-Field stabilization for multi-type biological/chemical assays,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 284-297, Jan. 2017.
- K.-M. Lei, P.-I. Mak, M.-K. Law, R. P. Martins, “A μNMR CMOS transceiver using a Butterfly-coil input for integration with a digital microfluidic device inside a portable magnet,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 51, no. 10, pp. 2274-2286, Nov. 2016.
- K.-M. Lei, P.-I. Mak, M.-K. Law, R. P. Martins, “CMOS biosensors for in vitro diagnosis - transducing mechanisms and applications,” Lab Chip, vol. 16, no. 19, pp. 3664-3681, Oct. 2016.
- K.-M. Lei, P.-I. Mak, M.-K. Law, R. P. Martins, “A palm-size μNMR relaxometer using a digital microfluidic device and a semiconductor transceiver for chemical/biological diagnosis,” Analyst, vol. 140, no.15, pp. 5129-5137, Aug. 2015.
- K.-M. Lei, P.-I. Mak, M.-K. Law, R. P. Martins, “NMR-DMF: a modular nuclear magnetic resonance–digital microfluidic system for biological assays,” Analyst, vol. 139, no.23, pp. 6204-6213, Dec. 2014.
- K.-M. Lei, P.-I. Mak, R. P. Martins, "Systematic analysis and cancellation of kickback noise in a dynamic latched comparator," Analog Integr. Circuits Signal Process., vol. 77, no. 2, pp, 277-284, Nov. 2013.
Conference Proceedings/Presentations
- S. Fan, Q. Zhou, K.-M. Lei, P.-I. Mak, R. P. Martins, "A Miniature Multi-Nuclei NMR/MRI Platform with a High-Voltage SOI ASIC Achieving a 134.4dB Image SNR with a 173×250×103μm3 Resolution," IEEE Int. Solid-State Circuits Conf. (ISSCC) 2024, pp. 316-317, Feb. 2024.
- R. Luo, K.-M. Lei, P.-I. Mak, R. P. Martins, "A 0.5V 6.14μW Trimming-Free Single-XO Dual-Output Frequency Reference with [5.1nJ, 120μs] XO Startup and [8.1nJ, 200μs] Successive-Approximation-Based RTC Calibration," IEEE Int. Solid-State Circuits Conf. (ISSCC) 2024, pp.58-59, Feb. 2024 [Selected Demo].
- S. Dan, K.-M. Lei, R. P. Martins, P.-I. Mak, "Simple-Logic Comparator-Offset Mitigation Technique for Resistor-Based Temperature Sensor in DFLL," IEEE International Conference on Integrated Circuits, Technologies and Applications (ICTA), pp. 47-48, Oct. 2023.
- W. Hui, A. Lyu, Y. Liu, P.-I. Mak, R. P. Martins, K.-M. Lei, Y. Jia, "Single-Cell Electric Impedance Sensor Based On Integrated Circuit Chip," in 27th Int. Conf. Miniaturized Syst. Chem. Life Sci. (MicroTAS), oral presentation, Oct. 2023.
- Q. Zhou, S. Fan, K.-M. Lei, P.-I. Mak, R. P. Martins, "Real-Time In-Situ Bacterial Growth Monitoring Using Miniaturized MRI System," in 27th Int. Conf. Miniaturized Syst. Chem. Life Sci. (MicroTAS), oral presentation, Oct. 2023.
- S. Fan, Q. Zhou, K.-M. Lei, P.-I. Mak, R. P. Martins, "A Miniaturized 3-D-MRI Scanner Featuring A High-Voltage SOI ASIC For Noninvasive Object Reconstruction And Flow Analysis," in 27th Int. Conf. Miniaturized Syst. Chem. Life Sci. (MicroTAS), poster, Oct. 2023.
- H. Li, K.-M. Lei, P.-I. Mak, R. P. Martins, "A 12/13.56MHz Crystal Oscillator with Binary-Search-Assisted Two-Step Injection Achieving 5.0nJ Startup Energy and 45.8μs Startup Time," in IEEE Int. Solid-State Circuits Conf. (ISSCC) Dig. Tech. Papers, pp. 64-65, Feb. 2023. [Selected Demo]
- L. Lin, K.-M. Lei, P.-I. Mak, R. P. Martins, “A sub-0.5V Crystal Oscillator-Timer (XO-Timer) Combining 16MHz Reference and 32kHz Sleep Timer with a Single Crystal for Energy-Harvesting Radios in 28nm CMOS,” in IEEE Proc. Asian Solid-State Circ. Conf., Nov. 2022, pp. 1-3.
- D. Krüger, A. Zhang, H. Hinton, V. M. Arnal, Y.-Q. Song, Y. Tang, K.-M. Lei, J. Anders, D. Ham, “A Portable CMOS-based MRI System with 67×67×83 μm3 Image Resolution” in IEEE Proc. European Solid-State Circ. Conf., 2022, pp. 225 - 228.
- K.-M. Lei, P.-I. Mak, R. P. Martins, "A 0.45-V 3.3-µW Resistor-Based Temperature Sensor Achieving 10mK Resolution in 65-nm CMOS," IEEE International Conference on Integrated Circuits, Technologies and Applications (ICTA), Nov. 2021.
- K.-M. Lei, P.-I. Mak, R. P. Martins, "A 0.4 V 6.4 μW 3.3 MHz CMOS bootstrapped relaxation oscillator with ±0.71% frequency deviation over −30 to 100° C for wearable and sensing applications," in IEEE Int. Symp. Circuits Syst. (ISCAS), pp. 1-5, May 2018.
- K.-M. Lei, P.-I. Mak, M.-K. Law, R. P. Martins, "A regulation-free sub-0.5V 16/24MHz crystal oscillator for energy-harvesting BLE radios with 14.2nJ startup energy and 31.8μW steady-state power," in IEEE Int. Solid-State Circuits Conf. (ISSCC) Dig. Tech. Papers, pp. 52-53, Feb. 2018. [Selected Demo]
- K.-M. Lei, P.-I. Mak, R. P. Martins, "A 0.4 V 4.8 μW 16MHz CMOS crystal oscillator achieving 74-fold startup-time reduction using momentary detuning," in IEEE Int. Symp. Circuits Syst. (ISCAS), pp. 2791-2794, May 2017.
- K.-M. Lei, H. Heidari, P.-I. Mak, M.-K. Law, R.P. Martins, F. Maloberti, “A handheld 50pM-sensitivity micro-NMR CMOS platform with B-field stabilization for multi-type biological/chemical assays,” in IEEE Int. Solid-State Circuits Conf. (ISSCC) Dig. Tech. Papers, pp. 474-475, Feb. 2016. [Silkroad Award] [Selected Demo] [ISSCC 2016 Technical Highlight]
- K.-M. Lei, P.-I. Mak, M.-K. Law, R. P. Martins, “A μNMR CMOS transceiver using a Butterfly-coil input for integration with a digital microfluidic device inside a portable magnet,” in Proc. IEEE Asian Solid-State Circuits Conf. (A-SSCC), pp. 1-4, Nov. 2015. [Student Design Contest] [Distinguished Design Award]
- K.-M. Lei, P.-I. Mak, M.-K. Law, R. P. Martins, “A thermal-insensitive all-electronic modular µNMR relaxometer with a 2D digital microfluidic chip for sample management,” in Proc. 19th Int. Conf. Miniaturized Syst. Chem. Life Sci. (MicroTAS), pp. 302-304, Oct. 2015. [CBMS Student/Young Researcher Grant] [Oral Presentation]
- K.-M. Lei, H. Heidari, P.-I. Mak, M.-K. Law, F. Maloberti, “Exploring the noise limits of fully-differential micro-watt transimpedance amplifiers for Sub-pA/√Hz sensitivity,” in 11th Conf. Ph.D. Res. Microelectron. Electron. (PRIME), pp. 290-293, Jun. 2015.
- D. Zhao, K.-M. Lei, P.-I. Mak, M.-K. Law, R. P. Martins, “Design considerations of a low-noise receiver front-end and its spiral coil for portable NMR screening,” in Proc. IEEE Asia-Pacific Conf. Circuits Syst. (APCCAS), pp. 403-406, Nov. 2014. [Student Travel Support grant]
- K.-M. Lei, P.-I. Mak, M.-K. Law, R. P. Martins, “A 2.93 µW 8-bit capacitance-to-RF converter for movable laboratory mice blood pressure monitoring," in Proc. Asia Society Quality Electron. Design (ASQED), pp.216-219, Aug. 2013. [Best Paper Award]
Presentations (Non-peer review)
- K.-M. Lei, "A 0.5V 6.14μW Trimming-Free Single-XO Dual-Output Frequency Reference with [5.1nJ, 120μs] XO Startup and [8.1nJ, 200μs] Successive-Approximation-Based RTC Calibration," Southeast University, online seminar, Apr. 2024.
- K.-M. Lei, "A 0.5V 6.14μW Trimming-Free Single-XO Dual-Output Frequency Reference with [5.1nJ, 120μs] XO Startup and [8.1nJ, 200μs] Successive-Approximation-Based RTC Calibration," Workshop on IC advances in China, Shanghai, China, Mar. 2024.
- K.-M. Lei, "Portable NMR/MRI with customized silicon chips," Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, Dec. 2023.
- K.-M. Lei, "Portable NMR/MRI with customized silicon chips," Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Nov. 2023.
- K.-M. Lei, "Portable NMR/MRI with customized silicon chips," Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China, Aug. 2023.
- K.-M. Lei, "Portable NMR/MRI with customized silicon chips," Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China, Aug. 2023.
- K.-M. Lei, "Precision Analog References" Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, China, Jun. 2023.
- K.-M. Lei, "A 12/13.56MHz Crystal Oscillator with Binary-Search-Assisted Two-Step Injection Achieving 5.0nJ Startup Energy and 45.8μs Startup Time," Workshop on IC advances in China, Shenzhen, China, Mar. 2023.
- K.-M. Lei, "Portable NMR/MRI with customized silicon chips," Songshan Lake Laboratory, Dongguan, China, Mar. 2023.
- K.-M. Lei, "A 0.35-V 5,200-µm2 2.1-MHz Temperature-Resilient Relaxation Oscillator with 667fJ/cycle Energy Efficiency Using an Asymmetric Swing-Boosted RC Network and a Dual-Path Comparator," Workshop on IC advances in China (virtual), Jun. 2022.
- K.-M. Lei, "Microelectronics in the biomedical arena:Palm-size CMOS NMR system," International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga, Portugal, Mar. 2018.
- K.-M. Lei, "Microelectronics in the biomedical arena:Palm-size CMOS NMR system," Schlumberger-Doll Research Center, Cambridge, MA, Oct. 2017.
- K.-M. Lei, "The small looms large - Applying millimeter-scale chips to scientific research," University of Macau, Macau, Mar. 2017.
- K.-M. Lei, "Microelectronics in the biomedical arena:Palm-size CMOS NMR system," Laboratorio MDM (Materials and Devices for Microelectronics), Milan, Italy, Jun. 2016.
- K.-M. Lei, "Student Research Preview," IEEE Int. Solid-State Circuits Conf. (ISSCC), San Francisco, CA, Feb. 2015.
Patents
- K.-M. Lei, P.-I. Mak, M.-K. Law, R. Martins, "Palm-size μNMR relaxometer using a digital microfluidic (DMF) device and a semiconductor transceiver for chemical/biological diagnosis," US Patents, US10436726B2, 2019.
- S. Fan, Q. Zhou, K.-M. Lei, P.-I. Mak, R. Martins, "磁共振成像扫描仪和磁共振成像系统," China Invention Patent (in substantive examination), CN115856740A, 2023.
- H. Li, K.-M. Lei, P.-I. Mak, R. Martins, "一种晶振启动电路及控制电路," China Invention Patent (in substantive examination), CN116054819A, 2023.